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JD.COM komt naar Europa, maar is geen normale webwinkel

Zorgt JD.com voor een nieuwe retail infrastructuur?
Prof Dr. C.N.A. Molenaar

JD.com is de grootste Chinese internetverkoper en na Amazon en Google de derde van de wereld. Geen kleine jongen dus, maar onbekend buiten Azië. Daar gaat nu verandering in komen. JD.com heeft een internationale expansie aangekondigd, waaronder een investering van minimaal 20 miljard in Europa. Duitsland, Engeland en Frankrijk zijn de eerste “target” markten, maar daar zal het niet bij blijven. Het gaat hierbij niet alleen om het marktaandeel online, maar over veel meer, eigenlijk over de hele retail-infrastructuur. Na het groeiende succes van Alibaba, die Alipay geïntroduceerd heeft en magazijnen aan het bouwen is in de Benelux is JD het broertje dat dezelfde weg kiest, maar toch anders.
Automation, growth, scale – the mega but still relatively unknown giant seems unlikely to slow down. Its revenues are growing 40 per cent a year, up to $55.7 billion in 2017. The company’s spokespeople tell us proudly the firm is the third largest “internet company” in the world by revenue after Google and Amazon, but ahead of companies like Facebook, eBay and Alibaba, its biggest rival.
Bron: Wired.co.uk

JD.COM omarmt de technologie
JD.com omarmt vooral technologie en heeft zijn business concept ook gebaseerd op de nieuwe mogelijkheden van technologie. Door de technologie als basis te nemen van het totale retail concept, ontstaat er een andere concurrentiestrijd en een ander krachtenspel. Het gaat dan niet langer meer om “oude wijn in nieuwe zakken” wat toch vaak het geval is bij veel internetaanbieders, maar het gaat om structurele veranderingen gebaseerd op technologie.
Een uitgebreid Drone netwerk zorgt voor snelle levering, ook in afgelegen gebieden, maar ook in centra die nu klagen over de milieueffecten van online winkelen. Logistiek is een speerpunt van de nieuwe retail-infrastructuur. Geautomatiseerde magazijnen, artificial intelligence, big data-analyses en geoptimaliseerde koopprocessen door gezichtsherkenning en gedragssturing. In Cambridge (UK) is bijvoorbeeld een lab geopend om juist nieuwe technologische toepassingen te ontwikkelen en te vervolmaken. Door juist de basis op een vernieuwende wijze te ontwikkelen ontstaat er een nieuwe retail-infrastructuur gebaseerd op data-analyse, logistieke integratie, multi-sided platformen en gedragsherkenning.
Natuurlijk is het mogelijk om aan te haken bij deze structuur voor andere aanbieders, bij het online platform van JD.com (zoals nu usance begint te worden bij de online marktleiders), maar ze bieden hun technologie ook aan bij bestaande retailers, zowel online als offline.
Ook fysieke retailers kunnen profiteren
Winkels en winkelketens kunnen gebruik maken van de systemen die JD zelf toepast in hun (veelal onbemande) winkels inclusief betalingen gebaseerd op gezichtsherkenning. Routings- systemen, optimalisatie van klantbestedingen en -inkoop, gezichtsherkenning en betalingsfaciliteiten. Door dit aan bestaande partijen aan te bieden krijgt JD grip op de infrastructuur. Zoals Amazon.com een van de grootste spelers is op het gebeid van Cloud (AWS), Microsoft op de computer (windows) en cloud (azure), Alibaba op betalingen (Alipay) zo kan JD.com ook de marktleider worden van de retail-infrastructuur.
Toepassingen zijn te kopiëren, maar het eigendom van de infrastructuur is een geldmachine. Vandaar het grote gevecht om de hegemonie tussen bijvoorbeeld Facebook, Amazon, Netflix en Google zoals nu al blijkt uit de communicatie-infrastructuur (Facebook), de cloud, zoals genoemd, de spraak infrastructuur (wordt het Bigby, Siri, Amazon’s Alexa of toch Google?). Hier kan gerust de impact van Alibaba (payment) en JD.com (retail) aan toegevoegd worden.
Multi-sided platformen
Daarnaast toont deze introductie ook weer de kracht van multi-sided platformen (MSPs), de koppeling tussen fabrikanten en afnemers (BtoB en naar consumenten). Een disruptief model gebaseerd op technologie, data en analyses, services en faciliteiten. Dit leidt niet alleen tot optimale klantenbinding, maar ook tot lagere kosten voor de eindgebruiker. De nerveuze reacties op Google, Facebook en AirBnB in Europe onderstrepen dit. Verbieden is geen oplossing, alternatieven bieden, die beter zijn wel en daar schort het nu aan. Er wordt door JD, Alibaba en Amazon een platform geboden aan fabrikanten om rechtstreek te verkopen, al dan niet met behoud van de dealers. Een heroriëntatie op het eigen businessmodel, op het krachtenveld in de retail en ieders rol in de keten is van levensbelang. JD.com geeft dit nogmaals aan, stilzitten, pappen en nathouden en ontwikkelingen bagatelliseren is funest voor je eigen toekomst.
De disruptie in de keten
In 2017 schreef ik het boek “De kracht van Platformstrategie”: het is buigen of barsten. Hiermede gaf ik aan dat de toekomst ligt in Multisided Platformen als onderdeel van een netwerkeconomie. Huidige ontwikkelen ondersteunen dit disruptieve karakter, maar tegelijkertijd zien wij de onmacht van de EU en de worsteling bij bedrijven. Vasthouden aan de oude keten met oude rolverdelingen wordt direct onderuitgehaald door AirBnB, Etsy, Uber, Thuisbezorgd.nl, Alibaba en JD. Bij een economie die zo vertakt is als de netwerk- economie vindt er geen geïsoleerde disruptie meer plaats, maar heeft alles effect op alles.
JD.COM kan gezien worden als een van deze disruptors door hun vernieuwende technologie, door de focus op logistiek (drones), door de automatisering van al hun processen inclusief magazijnen en bovenal door hun streven naar het beheren van een retail netwerk. Tot nu toe was de aandacht vooral gericht op de bovenlaag van de keten van toepassingen (winkels en internetverkopen), maar de grootste verandering zit in de basis.
Het lijkt wel op een ijsberg. Nieuwe technieken (multi-sided Platformen) nieuwe databases gebaseerd op Canonical datamodelling, microservices en connecties leiden tot een nieuwe infrastructuur. Deze disruptie kan snel gaan, even snel als de ondergang van Nokia, V&D, Enron, of recent de ontwikkelingen bij Marks&Spencer, House of Fraser en Debenhams of de vele winkels in Nederland ende vele winkelcentra in Amerika! JD.COM is misschien wel de finale waarschuwing wat komen gaat.
Prof Dr C.N.A. Molenaar
Hoogleraar eMarketing RSM/ErasmusUniversiteit Rotterdam
Strategic consultant
Dit artikel heeft o.a. gebruik gemaakt van:
RetailTrends, 8 februari 2018
Wired.co.uk
Financial Review (afr.com)
Cor Molenaar was op 23 juli tevens te gast bij BNR Nieuwsradio, met een bijdrage over de introductie van JD.com op de Europese markt. Luister het fragment

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